Timeline 1-1499 AD

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Military History Timeline 1-1499 AD

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1 A.D.
43		Battle of Medway (England)
83		Battle of Mons Graupius (Scotland)
486		The battle of Soissons (486 AD) was the first recorded victory won by Clovis I, king of the Franks, and saw him defeat Syagrius, the ruler of the last Roman enclave in northern Gaul.
496		The battle of Tolbiac or Zulpich (496 AD) might have been a victory won by Clovis and other Franks that prevented a westward movement of the Alemanni.
500		Battle of Mons Badonicus, c.500
		The battle of the Ouche (500 AD) was a victory won by Clovis, king of the Franks, during an otherwise unsuccessful intervention in a Burgundian family dispute.
		The siege of Avignon (500) saw the Burgundian king Gundobar hold off a besieging Frankish army led by Clovis I for long enough to convince Clovis to offer peace terms.
500-501		The siege of Vienne (c.500-501 AD) was the final act in a Burgundian civil war that had briefly involved the Frankish king Clovis I, but that ended with the victory of Clovis's opponent Gundobar.
507		The battle of Vouille (507) was a significant victory for Clovis I, king of the Franks, and allowed him to conquer Aquitaine, taking it from the Visigothic kingdom of Toulouse
507-8		The siege of Arles (507-508) saw the Visigothic defenders of the city fight off a Frankish and Burgundian army until the Ostrogoths of King Theodoric arrived and lifted the siege.
511		Death of Clovis I, king of the Franks
577		Battle of Deorham (England)
603		Battle of Degsastan
c.613-616		Battle of Chester
616		Battle of the Idle (Yorkshire) Death of AEthelfrith, king of Northumbria, killed at the battle of the Idle
624	17 March	The battle of Badr was an early victory for the prophet Muhammad over the Quraysh tribe of Mecca
625	23 March	The battle of Mount Uhud was a minor Muslim defeat in the period after the battle of Badr
627		The battle of the Ditch was the largest and last attempt by the Qurayesh tribe to defeat the Muslim forces of Muhammad
632		Battle of Hatfield Chase
633		Battle of Rowley Burn Death of Cadwallon, king of Gwynedd, at battle of Rowley Burn
641	5 August	Battle of Maserfelth
654		Battle of Winwaed (England) Death of Penda, king of Mercia, at battle of Winwæd
670		Death of Oswiu, king of Bernicia and Northumbria
685	20 May	Battle of Nechtansmere (Scotland)
838		Battle of Hingston Down
851		Battle of Aclea, 851 (England)
871	8 January	Battle of Ashdown
878	May	Battle of Edington
902		Battle of the Holme
910	5 August	Battle of Tettenhall (England)
937		Battle of Brunanburgh
991	August	Battle of Maldon
1000
1014	23 April	Battle of Clontarf (Ireland)
1016	18 October	Battle of Ashingdon
1029		Birth of Alp Arslam, Seljuk Sultan (to 1072)
1063		Start of reign of Alp Arslam, Seljuk Sultan (to 1072)
1066	20 September	Battle of Fulford
	25 September	Battle of Stamford Bridge
	14 October	Battle of Hastings, battle that brought William the Conqueror to the English throne
1068		Accession of Romanus IV Diogenes, Byzantine Emperor (to 1071)
1071	19 August	Battle of Manzikert (Byzantine Empire), crushing defeat of Byzantine army led by the Emperor Romanus IV Diogenes inflicted by the Seljouks of Alp Arslan Deposition and murder of Romanus Diogenes
1072		Death of Alp Arslam, Seljuk Sultan (from 1063)
1081		Battle of Mynydd Carn (Wales)
1093	13 November	Battle of Alnwick (England)
1096		First year of First Crusade (to 1099)
1097	14 May	Start of Siege of Nicaea (to 19 June) (First Crusade)
	19 June	Surrender of Nicaea to Byzantine troops, much to annoyance of crusaders
	1 July	Battle of Dorylaeum, Crusaders narrowly escape disaster at the hands of the Turks of Rum
	21 October	Start of Crusader siege of Antioch (to 3 June 1098)
	31 December	Battle of Harenc (First Crusade), defeat of Muslim force coming to relief of Antioch.
1098	9 February	Battle of Harenc (First Crusade, defeat of second Muslim force coming to relief of Antioch
	3 June	City of Antioch falls to the Crusaders (from 21 October 1097)
	5 June	Start of Kerboga's siege of Antioch
	28 June	Crusaders win battle of the Orontes, ending Kerboga's siege of Antioch
1099		Last year of First Crusade (from 1096)
	9 June	First day of Siege of Jerusalem (to 18 July), First Crusade
	18 July	Fall of Jerusalem (from 9 June), First Crusade
	12 August	Battle of Ascalon, final victory of the First Crusade
1106	28 September	Battle of Tinchebrai (France)
1128	21 June	Battle of Thielt (or Hackespol), (Flanders), victory for William Clito in fight for county of Flanders
1138	22 August	Battle of the Standard
1141	2 February	Battle of Lincoln
	14 September	Rout of Winchester
1147		Start of Second Crusade (to 1149)
1149		End of Second Crusade, 1147-1149
1164		First of Nur ad-Din's three invasions of Egypt. Egypt is finally conquered during the third campaign of 1168-69.
1167	18 March	The battle of Babain (18 March 1167) was an inconclusive battle during Nur ad-Din's second invasion of Egypt that is best know for being Saladin's first recorded major battle.
	April-August	The siege of Alexandria (April-August 1167) was Saladin's first recorded independent command, and he managed to hold the city until both sides were exhausted and a peace treaty could be negotiated.
1169	25 October-19 December	The siege of Damietta (25 October-19 December 1169) was the main event in a failed Crusader and Byzantine attempt to conquer Egypt and undo the Syrian occupation of that country.
1170	Mid December	The siege of Darum (Mid December 1170) was part of Saladin's first major offensive against the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, and was abandoned after a relief army appeared on the scene.
	31 December	The siege of Ayla/ al-Aqaba (31 December 1170) was one of Saladin's earliest successes against the Crusaders and saw him gain control of a key point on the pilgrim route from Egypt to Mecca and Medina.
1171	21 September-October	The siege of Montreal (21 September-October 1171) was a controversial episode of the career of Saladin after he lifted the siege, probably because his overlord Nur ad-Din was approaching with a second army.
1174	13 June	Battle of Alnwick
	29 July-2 August	The siege of Alexandria of 29 July- 2 August 1174 was a brief and very unsuccessful attempt by the Normans of Sicily to play a part in the overthrow of Saladin, then vizier of Egypt.
	October	Saladin leaves Cairo and moves to Damascus at the start of the series of campaigns that eventually secure his control of Syria (to 1186)
	30 December	Start of the siege of Aleppo (30 December 1174-March 1175), Saladin's first attempt to capture Aleppo and take control of Nur ad-Din's young son and heir.
1175	March	Saladin lifts the siege of Aleppo
	13 April	The battle of the Horns of Hamah (13 April 1175) was an important battle during Saladin's campaign to gain control of Syria and saw him defeat a combined army from Aleppo and Mosul.
1176	22 April	The battle of Tall as-Sultan (22 April 1176) was a major victory won by Saladin during his conquest of Syria, and saw him defeat the allied armies of Aleppo and Mosul.
	15 May-21 June	The siege of Azaz (15 May-21 June 1176) was one of a series of successes for Saladin in the aftermath of his victory at the battle of Tall as-Sultan (22 April 1176) and helped put pressure on the authorities in Aleppo.
	29 May	Battle of Legnano (Italy), victory for league of Italian cities led by Milan over the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa.
1177	25 November	Battle of Ramleh, defeat that ended an early invasion of the Kingdom of Jerusalem by Saladin
1178		The battle of Gujarat or Kayadara (1178) was a defeat suffered by Muhammad of Ghur during his first campaign against a Hindu ruler in India
1186		Start of Saladin's Holy War (t0 1192)
	3 March	Treaty between ruler of Mosul and Saladin ends his conquest of Syria, giving Saladin a united empire that stretches from Egypt, through Syria and into Mesopotamia.
1187	4 July	Battle of Hattin, defeat that ended the existance of the Kingdom of Jerusalem
1189		Start of Third Crusade (to 1189-1192)
	August	Start of Crusader Siege of Acre (to July 1191)
1190		Birth of Subatai Ba'adur (to 1242), Mongol general
1191		The first battle of Taraori (or Tarain) of 1191 was a rare defeat suffered by Muhammad of Ghur during the series of campaigns in Northern India that laid the foundations of the Delhi Sultanate
	12 July	Fall of Acre to Crusaders now led by Richard the Lion Heart (from August 1189)
	7 September	Battle of Arsuf
1192		The siege of Bhatinda of 1191-2 took place between the two battles of Taraoir (1191 and 1192) fought between Muhammad of Ghur and Prithviraja Chauhana III of Delhi, and saw Prithviraja recapture the fortress before suffering defeat and death during the second battle of Taraoir
		The second battle of Taraori (or Tarain) of 1192 was a decisive victory won by Muhammad of Ghur one year after he had suffered a rare defeat on the same site and that left northern India vulnerable to conquest
		End of Third Crusade (from 1189) and Saladin's Holy War (from 1186)
1193 or 1194		The battle of Chandwar (1193 or 1194) was the second major victory won by Muhammad of Ghor in northern India, after the second battle of Taraori.
1202		Start of Fourth Crusade (to 1204)
1204		End of Fourth Crusade (from 1202)
1213	13 October	Battle of Steppes (Belgium), victory of bishop of Liege over raiding forces of Henry, duke of Brabant, during period of anarchy in the Holy Roman Empire
1214	27 July	Battle of Bouvines, defeat of King John's allies by Philip Augustus of France; key battle in establishing French kingdom
1215		Start of First Barons War (to 1217)
1217	20 May	Battle of Lincoln
1218		Start of Fifth Crusade (to 1221)
1221		End of Fifth Crusade (from 1218)
		The battle of the Indus, 24 November 1221, marked the first appearance of the Mongols in India, but the battle was the final stage of Genghis Khan's war against Khwarazm, and after his victory Genghis left India alone.
1223		Battle of the Kalka River, Mongol victory over much larger Russian army
1228		Start of Sixth Crusade (to 1229)
1229		End of Sixth Crusade, Sixth, (from 1228)
1241	March	Battle of Chmielnik, Mongol destruction of the Polish royal army.
	5 April	Battle of Liegnitz (Poland), Mongol defeat of a large Polish army raised by the Polish nobility
	27 April	Battle of Sajo, (Hungary), Mongol victory over a huge Hungarian army led by King Bela
	22 December	The siege of Lahore (to 22 December 1241) was an early Mongol success against the Delhi Sultanate, and took advantage of a state of political confusion in the Sultanate.
1242		Mongol army withdraws from Hungary and Poland, probably due to death of Oktai Khan Death of Subatai Ba'adur (from 1190), Mongol general
1248		Start of Seventh Crusade (to 1254)
1250	8 February	Battle of Mansura (Egypt), bloody victory during Seventh Crusade that left the crusaders too weak to achieve their aims
	6 April	Battle of Fariskur (Egypt), final defeat of the Seventh Crusade
1254		End of Seventh Crusade (from 1248)
1264		Start of Second Barons War (to 1267)
	14 May 1264	Battle of Lewes
1265	4 August	Battle of Evesham
1266	June	Start of the siege of Kenilworth
	December	Surrender of Kenilworth castle
1270		Eighth Crusade bogs down in Tunisia
1277		Start of the Welsh Wars of Edward I (to 1282)
1282	11 December	Battle of Orewin Bridge (Wales). Death of Llewellyn ap Gruffyd marks effective end of the Welsh Wars of Edward I, (from 1277)
1289		Othman, founder of Ottoman power, inherits his fathers realm.
1295	22 January	Battle near Conway
1296	27 April	Battle of Dunbar (Scotland)
1297	11 September	Battle of Stirling Bridge (Scotland)
1298	22 July	Battle of Falkirk
	5 February	The battle of Jalandhar (modern Jullundu) of 5 February 1298 was the first of a series of four major battles that dramatically reduced the Mongol threat to the Delhi sultanate.
1299		The battle of Kili of 1299 ended a Mongol siege of Delhi, and was the second of four major battles that reduced the Mongol threat to the Delhi Sultanate.
1305	20 December	The battle of Amroha (20 December 1305) was a major victory for the Delhi Sultanate over a Mongol army, and was the third of four Mongol defeats that greatly reduced the threat they posed to India.
1306		The battle of Ravi (1306) was the fourth and last of a series of defeats suffered by Mongol armies in the Delhi Sultanate that greatly reduced the Mongol threat to northern India.
	20 June	Battle of Ruthven
1307	May	Battle of Loudun Hill (Scotland)
1314	24 June	Battle of Bannockburn
	November	Battle of Morgarten, (Switzerland), victory of Swiss infantry over invading Hapsburg army
1318	14 October 1318	Battle of Dundalk
1319	20 September	Battle of Myton (Yorkshire)
1322	16 March	Battle of Boroughbridge
1326		Death of Othman, founder of Ottoman power, succeeded by his son Orkhan (to 1361), probable organiser of the Ottoman state.
1327	25 January	Start of reign of Edward III, king of England, (to 1377)
1331		The Genko War (1331-33) was a struggle between the supporters of the Emperor Go-Daigo and the Kamakura Shogunate which ended as an Imperial victory and led to the short-lived Kemmu restoration, the only period in which the Emperor held direct power between 1192 and the fall of the Tokugawa Shogunate in the nineteenth century
	October	The battle of Karasaki Beach (October 1331) was the first battle of the Genko War (1331-33), and saw the Monastic supports of the Emperor Go-Daigo defeat a cavalry force sent to capture him.
	3-31 October	The siege of Kasagi (3-31 October 1331) saw the forces of the Kamakura Shogunate capture the Emperor Go-Daigo's refuge at Kasagi, a success that for a time appeared to have crushed the Imperial cause (Genko War, 1331-33).
	c.31 October-20 November	The siege of Akasaki (c.31 October-20 November 1331) saw the forces of the Shogunate attack and capture the castle of Kusunoki Masashige, a supporter of the Emperor Go-Daigo, although Kusunoki escaped and continued the fight from nearby mountains.
1332	28 April	The capture of Akasaki Castle (28 April 1332) was achieved by a surprise attack and saw Kusunoki Masashige recapture his own castle at Akasaka, which had fallen to the forces of the Shogunate in the previous year (Seige of Akasaka, November 1331).
	14 June	The battle of the Yodo River (14 June 1332) was a victory won by Kusunoki Masashige over the forces of the Shogunate at the Yodo River (modern Osaka).
	11 August	Battle of Dupplin Muir
1333	28 January	The battle of Hoshigaoka (28 January 1333) saw the revolt against the Shogunate spread onto Shikoku Island (Genko War, 1331-33).
	February	The siege of Yoshino Castle (February 1333) saw a large Bakufu army capture the castle after an eight day siege, forcing Prince Norinaga to flee to safety.
	18 February-14 March	The siege of Akasaka (18 February-c.14 March 1333) was one of the few successes won by a massive Bakufu army at the start of the last year of the Genko War (1331-33).
	27 March	The battle of Maya (27 March 1333) was the first of a series of victories won by Akamatsu Norimura, a supporter of the Emperor Go-Daigo, during an unsuccessful attempt to capture Kyoto.
	March	The siege of Chihaya (March-22 June 1333) was the turning point in the Genko War (1331-33). The Shogunate's failure to capture the castle meant that their main army was pinned down, encouraged pro-Imperial revolts around Japan and forced them to commit ever more troops to the fighting.
	24 April	The battle of Sakabe (24 April 1333) was a minor skirmish in which the Imperial loyalist Akamatsu Norimura was nearly captured by the forces of the Shogunate.
	25 April	The battle of Segawa (25 April 1333) was the last real success during the Imperial loyalist Akamatsu Norimura's attempt to capture Kyoto.
	26 April	The battle of the Twelfth Day of the Third Month (26 April 1333) was an unsuccessful attempt by the pro-Imperial Akamatsu Norimura to try and defeat the Shogunate's garrison in Kyoto
	29 April	The battle of Yamazaki (29 April 1333) saw a force from the Rokuhara garrison of Kyoto fail to drive away a pro-Imperial army under Akamatsu Norimura that was threatening to cut off supplies to the city.
	13 May	The battle of Funanoe (13 May 1333) was an unsuccessful attempt by the exiled emperor Go-Daigo's jailor to recapture the emperor after he had escaped from exile on Oki, an island to the north-west of Honshu.
	17 May	The battle of the Third Day of the Fourth Month (17 May 1333) was a second failed attempt to take Kyoto made by the pro-Imperial leader Akamatsu Norimura.
	10 June	The battle of Koganawate (10 June 1333) was notable for the death of Nagoya Takaie, one leader of a Shogunate army that had been sent to Kyoto to secure control of the area around the Imperial capital and attack the Emperor Go-Daigo's new court at Funanoe.
	20 June	The battle of Rokuhara (20 June 1333) was one of the decisive battles of the Genko War, and saw the Shogunate general Ashikaga Takauji turn on his former allies, side with the Emperor Go-Daigo and drive the forces of the Shogunate out of their headquarters in Rokuhara.
	22 June	End of the siege of Chihaya (from March)
	23 June	The battle of Kotesashi (23 June 1333) was the first battle in the campaign that led to the capture of Kamakura and the final fall of the Kamakura Shogunate (Genko War, 1331-33). It was an inconclusive battle, and the fighting resuming on the following day.
	24 June	The battle of Kumegawa (24 June 1333) was the second of two battles in two days in the campaign that led to the capture of Kamakura and the fall of the Kamakura Shogunate (Genko War, 1331-33), and was won by the pro-Imperial forces of Nitta Yoshisada.
	27-28 June	The two-day long battle of Bubaigawara (27-28 June 1333) saw the defenders of Kamakura miss an opportunity to defeat the pro-Imperial army of Nitta Yoshisada, thus ensuring that the fighting would move to the Shogunate's capital at Kamakura
	30 June-4 July	The siege of Kamakura (30 June-4 July 1333) was the final major battle of the Genko War (1331-33) and saw the army of Nitta Yoshisada capture the capital of the Kamakura Shogunate after a five-day long battle.
	19 July	The battle of Tsukushi (7 July 1333) was the final event in a complex plot against Hojo Hidetoki, the military governor of Kyushu, and saw him defeated by two of the three original plotters against him.
	7 July	Battle of Halidon Hill
1337		Outbreak of Hundred Years War (to 1453)
1339	21 June	Battle of Laupen (Switzerland), victory of fledgling Swiss confederacy over league of local feudal lords.
1340	24 July	Battle of Sluys, great English navel victory in Hundred Years War.
1346	26 August	Battle of Crecy
	4 September	Start of the siege of Calais by Edward III
	17 October	Battle of Neville's Cross (Northern England)
1347	27 June	Battle of La Roche Derien (Brittany), English victory over Charles of Blois, French claimant to duchy of Brittany
	4 August	Surrender of Calais to Edward III
1351	8 April	Battle of Taillebourg (France)
1352	14 August	Battle of Mauron (Brittany)
1356	19 September	Battle of Poitiers, major English victory in Hundred Years War
1361		Death of Orkhan, son of Othman, early Ottoman ruler (from 1326), succeeded by Murad, (to 1389), his second son
1364		Birth of Henry Percy, 'Hotspur'
1365		The battle of the Mire or Tashkent (1365) was a rare defeat for Tamerlane, and came during a struggle for power within the divided Chaghatay Khanate.
1367	3 April	Battle of Najera (Castile)
1370		The battle of Balkh (1370) was a key success in Tamerlane's rise to power, and established him as the ruler of the western Chaghatay in Transoxiana
1372		Death of Sir Walter de Mauny, one of Edward III's most important commanders during the Hundred Years War
		The siege of Kath (1372) was an early success during Tamerlane's first expedition into Khwarezm, and was followed by one of the first examples of the atrocities that so often followed when Tamerlane captured a city.
1377	21 June	Death of Edward III, king of England, (from 1327)
1379		The siege of Urganch of 1379 was the key victory during Tamerlane's fourth war in Khwarezm, and saw the city fall after a siege of three months.
1380	13 July	Death of Bertrand du Guesclin, constable of France, successful French commander during Hundred Years War.
1381		The siege of Fushanj (1381) was Tamerlane's first military successes in Khorasan, and a precursor to his first short siege of Herat
		The siege of Herat of 1381 was an easy success that ended Tamerlane's first major campaign in Khorasan and saw his empire expand out of its original base in Transoxiana into the former empire of the Il-Khans in Persian for the first time
1383		The revolt of Herat of 1383 was a short-lived rebellion against Tamerlane that ended with a massacre and the increasingly familiar site of towers of skulls outside the city
		The siege of Isfizar (1383) saw Tamerlane put down a revolt in a city south of Herat, and ended with yet another of his trademark atrocities
1385	14 August	Battle of Aljubarotta (Portugal), victory for John, master of Avis, establishing him as king of Portugal
1386	9 July	Battle of Sempach, (Switzerland), Swiss victory over Leopold, duke of Austria, who died in the battle
1387	11 March	Battle of Castagnaro (Italy), victory by Paduan army led by John Hawkwood, over a larger Veronese army
	19 December	Battle of Radcot Bridge, victory by Richard II's enemies over a loyalist force.
1388	5 August	Battle of Otterburn
1389	20 June	Death of Murad, Ottoman Sultan (since 1361) at Battle of Kosovo (Serbia), Ottoman victory over last Serbia resistance led by Prince Lazar
1393		The battle of Shiraz (1393) was the final clash between Tamerlane and the Muzaffarid Dynasty of southern Persia, and was a victory for Tamerlane that was followed by the total destruction of the dynasty.
	20 November-11 December	The siege of Takrit (20 November-11 December 1393) was an example of Tamerlane's skills in siege warfare and saw his army capture a bandit stronghold said to be impregnable
1395	22 April	The battle of the Terek River (22 April 1395) was the final clash between Tamerlane and Toktamish, leader of the Golden Horde, and ended in a decisive victory for Tamerlane.
1396	25 September	Battle of Nicopolis (modern Bulgaria), Turkish victory over a strong Hungarian and crusader army.
		The siege of Yazd (1396) saw an army led by two of Tamerlane's grandsons defeat a rebellion centred on the city of Yazd and ended with a rare example of clemency on the part of Tamerlane.
1401	May-9 July	The siege of Baghdad (May-9 July 1401) was one of Tamerlane's most destructive victories, and saw the city virtually destroyed after it was taken by storm at the end of a forty day long siege
1402	28 July	The battle of Ankara or Angora (28 July 1402) was a major victory won by Tamerlane over the Ottoman Army of Sultan Bayezid that nearly destroyed the Ottoman Empire, and as a side-effect gave the Byzantine Empire another fifty years of life.
	14 September	Battle of Homildon Hill
	December	The siege of Smyrna (December 1402) saw the armies of Tamerlane capture the last Christian stronghold on the mainland of Anatolia
1403	21 July	Battle of Shrewsbury Death of Henry Percy, 'Hotspur', killed at the battle of Shrewsbury
1408	19 February	Battle of Bramham Moor
1415	19 August	Start of the siege of Harfleur
	22 September	Capture of Harfleur by Henry V
	25 October	Battle of Agincourt
1420		Outbreak of Bohemian War (to 1434), Czech rebellion triggered by martyrdom of John Huss.
1421	21 March	Battle of Bauge (France), rare French victory in open battle during Hundred Years War.
1422	30 June	Battle of Arbedo (Italy), defeat of an invading Swiss army by Milanese forces.
1424	17 August	Battle of Verneuil
1428	September	Start of siege of Orleans
1429	12 February	Battle of the Herrings (France)
	May	Relief of Orleans by Joan of Arc
	18 June	Battle of Patay
1434	16 June	Bohemian War ends (from 1420) with the victory of the moderate faction over the religious 'taborite' faction at the battle of Lipan
1444	26 May	Battle of St. Jacob, (Switzerland) Pyrrhic victory for the French over a much smaller Swiss army after which the French withdrew.
1449		Battle of T'u-mu (China), Mongol victory over Chinese army that resulted in the capture of the Emperor.
1450	15 April	Battle of Formigny
1453	2 April	Start of siege of Constantinople, by the Ottoman Empire led by Sultan Mahomet II
	29 May	Fall of Constantinople, to Ottoman forces led by Sultan Mahomet II, ending the Byzantine Empire
	17 July	Battle of Castillon, French victory that ended the Hundred Years War (from 1337)
	24 August	The 'battle' of Heworth (24 August 1453) was a skirmish between the Neville and Percy families that raised tension in the north of England in the period immediately before the outbreak of the Wars of the Roses
1454	31 October or 1 November	The battle of Stamford Bridge (31 October or 1 November 1454) was a clash between the Neville and Percy families fought in the year before the outbreak of the Wars of the Roses, and a sign of the increasing instability brought on by the mental illness of Henry VI.
1455	22 May	The first battle of St. Albans (22 May 1455) was the first battle of the Wars of the Roses, and was a Yorkist victory that saw Richard, duke of York temporarily take control of Henry VI's government.
1459	23 September	The battle of Blore Heath (23 September 1459) was the only significant Yorkist success after the resumption of open warfare in 1459, part of the first phase of the Wars of the Roses.
	12-13 October	The battle of Ludford Bridge (12-13 October 1459) was a humiliating defeat that appeared to have ended any hopes of a Yorkist victory in the Wars of the Roses.
1460	15 January	The raid on Sandwich of 15 January 1460 saw a Yorkist force based at Calais attack Sandwich, capturing both a Lancastrian fleet being built in the port and the commander of the garrison (Wars of the Roses).
	June	The capture of Sandwich (June 1460) was a key Yorkist success that allowed the exiled earls of Salisbury, Warwick and March to invade England from their base at Calais at the start of the campaign that ended with the great Yorkist victory at Northampton.
	2-19 July	The siege of the Tower of London (2-19 July 1460) saw the Lancastrian forces in London isolated in the Tower while the main Yorkist army moved north to victory at Northampton (Wars of the Roses)
	10 July	The battle of Northampton (10 July 1460) was a major Yorkist victory that transformed their fortunes after their disasterous failure at Ludford Bridge in 1459, and that ended with the capture of Henry VI and the death of several important Lancastrian leaders.
	30 December	The battle of Wakefield (30 December 1460) was a major Lancastrian victory that resulted in the death of Richard, duke of York, his son Edmund of Rutland and one of his most important followers, Richard Neville, earl of Salisbury.
1461	2 February	The battle of Mortimer's Cross (2 February 1461) was Edward, earl of March's first battlefield victory and was the start of a campaign that would end with him securely crowned as King Edward IV.
	17 February	The second battle of St. Albans (17 February 1461) was a Lancastrian victory that opened the road to London and appeared to give them a chance to take advantage of their earlier victory at Wakefield, where Richard, duke of York, had been killed.
	27-28 March	The battle of Ferrybridge (27-28 March 1461) took place on the day before the battle of Towton and saw the Yorkists force their way across the River Aire at Ferrybridge, defeating a Lancastrian attempt to hold the line of the river.
	29 March	The battle of Towton (29 March 1461) was the decisive battle of the first phase of the Wars of the Roses and saw the young Edward IV defeat one of the largest Lancastrian armies to take to the field during the war.
	16 October	The battle of Twt Hill (16 October 1461) was a Yorkist victory that ended open Lancastrian resistance to Edward IV in most of Wales, leaving only Harlech in Lancastrian hands.
1462	July	The siege of Alnwick Castle (July 1462) saw a Yorkist army capture the castle, which changed hands repeatedly between 1461 and 1464.
	December	The siege of Bamburgh Castle (December 1462) was a Yorkist victory that briefly gave them control of Bamburgh Castle, on the Northumbrian coast. The siege of Dunstanburgh Castle of December 1462 was a Yorkist victory that helped secure temporary control of the main Northumbrian castles but that was soon undone. The siege of Alnwick (December 1462-6 January 1463) saw the castle captured by the Yorkists, although only after a Lancastrian and Scottish relief army had rescued the garrison.
1463	6 January	Surrender of Alnwick Castle at end of short siege.
	June-July	The siege of Norham (June-July 1463) was the most active Scottish intervention in the fighting in Northumberland in 1461-64 but ended as an embarrassing fiasco after the Lancastrian-Scottish army fled in the face of a Yorkist relief force.
	30 September	The siege of St. Michael's Mount (30 September 1473-February 1474) was the last military threat to Edward IV's rule, and saw two of the last Lancastrian peers hold the castle for five months before finally surrendering
1464	February	End of the siege of St. Michael's Mount (30 September 1473-February 1474)
	25 April	The battle of Hedgeley Moor (25 April 1464) was a Yorkist victory that marked the beginning of the end of Lancastrian resistance in Northumberland.
	15 May	The battle of Hexham (15 May 1464) was the final battle of the first phase of the Wars of the Roses and saw the Yorkists defeat a Lancastrian army led by Henry Beaufort, duke of Somerset, ending a dangerous Lancastrian revolt in Northumberland.
	June-July	The siege of Bamburgh Castle of June-July 1464 was a Yorkist victory that ended the Lancastrian campaign in Northumberland that had begun in the aftermath of the battle of Towton, and was also the first occasion when an English castle was defeated by gunpowder artillery.
1468	August	The siege of Harlech Castle (1461-14 August 1468) is famous as the longest siege in British history. For the last four years of the siege Harlech was the only place in England or Wales in Lancastrian hands, and acted as a base for their plots.
1469	26 July	The battle of Edgcote (24 July 1469) was the first fighting in the second phase of the Wars of the Roses and saw a rebel army supported by the earl of Warwick defeat a Royal army led by the earls of Pembroke and Devon, leaving Edward IV vulnerable to capture.
1470	12 March 1470	The battle of Losecote Field (or Empingham) of 12 March 1470 saw the defeat of Richard Neville, earl of Warwick's second attempt within a year to gain power over Edward IV and saw Warwick forced into exile, where he formed a surprising alliance with the Lancastrians.
1471	14 April	The battle of Barnet, 14 April 1471, was the first of two victories that re-established Edward IV on the throne after he was briefly deposed late in 1470. The battle ended with the death of Richard Neville, earl of Warwick, the 'kingmaker', the man whose ambitions had caused the renewal of the Wars of the Roses after half a decade of peace.
	4 May	The battle of Tewkesbury (4 May 1471) was a Yorkist victory that saw the death of the Lancastrian heir, Prince Edward, and ended any realistic chances that the Lancastrians could overthrow Edward IV.
	12-15 May	The siege of London (12-15 May 1471) was a brief attack on the city that threatened to revive the Lancastrian cause, which had appeared to be lost after the disaster of Tewkesbury, but that failed after two attacks on the city defences were repulsed.
1476	2 March	Battle of Granson (Switzerland), Swiss victory over invading forces of Charles the Rash, duke of Burgundy
	22 June	Battle of Morat (Switzerland), Swiss victory over second invading army led by Charles the Rash, duke of Burgundy
1485	22 August	The battle of Bosworth Field (22 August 1485) was the final major battle of the Wars of the Roses, and saw the Lancastrian claimant to the throne, Henry Tudor, defeat and kill Richard III, the last of the Yorkist monarchs.
1487	16 June	The battle of Stoke (16 June 1487) was the last battle of the Wars of the Roses and saw Henry VII defeat the pretender Lambert Simnel and his allies.
1494		The First Italian War/ Italian War of Charles VIII (1494-96) was an unsuccessful French attempt to conquer the Kingdom of Naples, and helped trigger over half a century of warfare in Italy, which ended with Spain as the dominant power. The Italian Wars last until 1559.
1495		The battle of Kan-Bai (1495) was an early battle in the series of struggles that followed the death of Sultan Mahmud Mirza of Samarkand in January 1495
	May-June	The siege of Asfara (May-June 1495) was an early success for Babur, then the recently installed king of Fergana, and saw him defeat a rebellion raised in the name of Sultan Baisanghar Mirza of Samarkand
	28 June	The battle of Seminara (28 June 1495) saw the first appearance of the great Spanish general Fernández Gonsalo de Cordoba in Italy, and was a rare defeat at the hands of the French (First Italian War).
	6 July	The battle of Fornovo (6 July 1495) was an unsuccessful attempt by an Italian army to stop Charles VIII of France during his retreat from Naples in the summer of 1495.
1496	Winter-Spring	The siege of Hisor in the late winter and spring of 1496 was the main event in a brief war between the Timurid sultans of Samarkand and Khorasan, and the successful defence of the city effectively ended the war.
	July-October/ November	The siege of Samarkand of July-October/ November 1496 was the first of a series of attempts made by Babur to seize the city
1496	May/ June-November	The siege of Samarkand of (May/June to November 1497) saw Babur and Sultan Ali Mirza resume their unsuccessful siege of 1496, this time capturing the city after a siege that lasted for much of 1497.
1498		The siege of Andijan (to February 1498) was the end result of a conspiracy in his original kingdom of Fergana that forced Babur to abandon Samarkand only 100 days after it fell into his hands after a siege that ended in November 1497.
1499		The battle of Marghinan of 1499 was a minor conflict that helped to secure Babur's come-back after his disastrous occupation of Samarkand in 1497
		The Battle of the Ailaish River (1499) was a defeat suffered by Babur's supporters soon after he had regained control of his original kingdom of Fergana after a year spent in exile.
		The siege of Andijan of 1499 was an unsuccessful attack on Babur's recently regained capital made his chief rival Tambal in the aftermath of a revolt amongst Babur's Mongol mercenaries.
		The siege of Madu (1499) was a minor victory for Babur in the civil war that followed his return to power in Fergana in 1499.
		The battle of Khuban (1499) was Babur's first battle as a commander, and was a victory that should have helped secure his position as ruler of Fergana.
	July	The Second Italian War or Italian War of Louis XII (1499-1503) began with the French conquest of Milan, which was followed by a joint Franco-Spanish campaign in Naples, and that ended with a war between the former allies that began the long period of Spanish rule in Naples.
	25-29 August	The siege of Alessandria (25-29 August 1499) was the main military action during the French invasion of Milan in 1499, and the fall of the city helped force Ludovico Sforza to flee from Milan (Second Italian War/ Italian War of Louis XII).

4000 BC • 1000 BC • 300 BC • 1 • 1000 • 1500 • 1700 • 1800 • 1810 • 1850 • 1900 • 1925 • 1950

1 A.D.

43

83

486

496

500

500-501

507

507-8

511

577

603

c.613-616

616

624

17 March

625

23 March

627

632

633

641

5 August

654

670

685

20 May

838

851

871

8 January

878

902

910

5 August

937

991

August

1000

1014

23 April

1016

18 October

1029

1063

1066

20 September

25 September

14 October

1068

1071

19 August

1072

1081

1093

13 November

1096

1097

14 May

19 June

1 July

21 October

31 December

1098

9 February

3 June

5 June

28 June

1099

9 June

18 July

12 August

1106

28 September

1128

21 June

1138

22 August

1141

2 February