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1500

1513

9 September

Battle of Flodden

1558

The Livonian War (1558-1583) was a twenty five year long struggle for control of Livonia (modern Estonia and Latvia)

13 July

Battle of Gravelines

1563

The Nordic Seven Years War (1563-1570) was one of a series of conflicts between Sweden and Denmark-Norway that followed the collapse of the Union of Kalmar

30 May

The Battle of Bornholm was the first fighting of the Nordic Seven Years War, coming before the official start of the war.

To 4 September

The siege of Älvsborg was the first lfighting on land in the Nordic Seven Years War (1563-1570) between Sweden and Denmark-Norway.

11 September

The battle of Gotland was an inconclusive naval clash during the Nordic Seven Years War

9 November

The battle of Mared was one of only two significant land battles during the Nordic Seven Years War (1563-1570) between Sweden and Denmark

1564

Second Battle of Azukizaka (Japan), battle between the Samurai and the Ikko-Ikki monks.

30-31 May

The battle of Gotland-Öland was a chaotic two day battle during the Nordic Seven Years War that saw the destruction of the massive Swedish flagship Mars

12 July

The Action off Warnemünde, 12 July 1564, was a minor naval clash of the Nordic Seven Years War close to Rostock

12-13 August

The battle of Öländ was a minor Swedish naval victory over a combined Danish-Lübeck fleet during the Nordic Seven Years War

1570

Siege of Chokoji Castle (Japan)

December

The Peace of Stettin ended the Nordic Seven Years War between Sweden and Denmark (1563-1570), and also ended hostilities between Sweden and Poland-Lithuania (Livonian War)

1571

28 September

Siege of Mount Hiei (Japan). Part of the Samurai campaign against the Ikko-Ikki monks.

1581

August

Start of the Siege of Pskow, to January 1582 (Livonian War)

1582

Death of Odo Nobunaga, assassinated by one of his own generals.

January

End of Siege of Pskov, abandoned when Ivan IV of Russia negotiates for peace

15 January

Peace of Iam Zapolskii, ends fighting in the Livonian War between the Russia of Ivan IV and Poland-Lithuania

1588

29 July

Battle of Gravelines (2)

1597

The Swedish Civil War of 1597-98 was the result of an attempt to secure the alliance between Poland-Lithuania and Sweden

1598

25 September (Old Style)

The battle of Stångebro was the decisive encounter of the Swedish Civil War of 1597-1598 between Sigismund III, king of Poland-Lithuania and Sweden and his uncle Charles, duke of Södermanland

1600

Outbreak of Polish-Swedish War (to 1629)

21 October

Battle of Sekigahara (Japan)

1605

27 September

The Battle of Kircholm, was a major Polish-Lithuanian victory during the Polish-Swedish War of 1600-1629

1609

The Polish-Muscovite War of 1609-1619 was one consequence of the Russian Time of Troubles (1604-1613).

1610

4 July

The battle of Klushino saw a small Polish-Lithuanian army defeat a much larger Russian and Swedish army that was attempting to relieve the siege of Smolensk (1609-1611).

1611

The Kalmar War (1611-1613) was one of a series of wars between Sweden and Denmark. It was caused by rivalry between the two powers in the Baltic and by Swedish efforts to gain control of Finnmark, the area to the north of Lapland

1613

January

Peace of Knarod: Peace treaty that ended the Kalmar War (1611-1613) between Denmark and Sweden

1617

February

The Peace of Stolbovo ended the Swedish-Russian War of 1613-1617

1618

22 May

Defenestration of Prague, marks outbreak ofThirty Years War (to 1648)

1619

January

Truce of Deuline ends Polish-Muscovite War, 1609-1619

1620

Outbreak of the Polish-Ottoman War of 1620-21, the first conflict between Poland-Lithuania and the Ottoman Empire for ninety years.

18 September-6 October

The Battle of Cecora was a disastrous Polish-Lithuanian defeat at the hands of an Ottoman army

8 November

Battle of the White Hill (Bohemia), Imperial victory that ended the Bohemian phase of the Thirty Years War

1620

September-9 October

The Battle of Chocim saw an Ottoman army fail to defeat a Polish-Lithuanian army camped at Chocim, foiling their planned invasion of the Ukraine.

1622

27 April

Battle of Mingolsheim, Protestant victory temporarily preventing junction of Catholic armies (Thirty Years War)

6 May

Battle of Wimpfen, Catholic victory over army of the Margrave of Baden (Thirty Years War)

20 June

Battle of Hochst, Christian of Brunswick managed to cross the River Main against strong opposition (Thirty Years War)

29 August

Battle of Fleurus, Protestant victory over Imperial army blocking an attempt to relieve siege of Bergen op Zoom

1624

10 June

Treay of Compiegne, France and Holland ally against the Hapsburgs, prolonging Thirty Years War

1626

25 April

Battle of Dessau, (Germany), imperial victory over Protestant army.

16 June

Death of Christian of Brunswick, protestant general in Thirty Years War

27 August

Battle of Lutter (am Barenberge), Imperial victory over Danish army

22 September and 29 September-1 October

The battle of Mewe was a lengthy battle and Swedish victory that came late in the Polish-Swedish War of 1600-1629.

The Truce of Altmark ended the Polish-Swedish War of 1600-1629.

1627

17-18 August

The battle of Dirschau (or Tczew) was a minor Swedish victory during the Polish-Swedish War of 1600-1629.

1629

27 June

The battle of Honigfelde, (also known as Trzciana or Sztum) was the last significant battle of the Polish-Swedish War of 1600-1629.

12 September

The Truce of Altmark ended the Polish-Swedish War of 1600-1629.

1635

27 March

Charles I (to 1649) succeeds James I as king of Great Britain and Ireland

1630

November

Start of Siege of Magdeburg

1631

20 May

Fall and Sack of Magdeburg

17 September

Battle of Breitenfeld, Swedish victory over Imperial army (30 years war)

1632

The Smolensk War (1632-1634) saw Russia attempt to reconquer lands lost to Poland-Lithuania in the truce of Deuline (1619)

April

Formation of League of Heilbronn), Protestant alliance (Thirty Years War)

15 April

Battle of Lech, Swedish victory over Tilly's Bavarian/ Imperial force (Thirty Years War)

28 October

The siege of Smolensk (to 1 May 1634) was the main action of the Smolensk War (1632-34) between Russian and Poland-Lithuania.

16 November

Battle of Lutzen, Swedish victory over Imperial army marred by the death of Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden

1634

1 March

End of the siege of Smolensk (from 28 October 1632)

May

Peace of Polianovka ends the Smolensk War (from 1632)

6 September

Battle of Nordlingen (1), victory of combined Imperial and Spanish armies over Protestant army

1637

17 December

Outbreak of Shimabara Rebellion (Japan)

1638

April

Shimabara Rebellion (Japan) ends in failure

1639

First Bishop's War, inconclusion war between Charles I of England and the Scots.

18 June

Peace of Berwick, ending First Bishop's War

21 October

Battle of the Downs (Naval battle), great Dutch naval victory over the Spanish, fought in neutral English waters.

1640

Second Bishop's War, effective Scottish victory over Charles I of England, leading to summoning of Long Parliament and eventually to English Civil War

13 April

Start of Short Parliament

5 May

End of Short Parliament

28 August

Battle of Newburn upon Tyne, Scottish victory that seals victory for Scots in Second Bishop's War

26 October

Treaty of Ripon, marking Scottish victory in the Second Bishops War.

3 November

Start of Long Parliament (to 1660)

1642

23 April

Charles I denied entry to Hull, considered to be first action of the First English Civil War (to 1646)

23 October

Battle of Edgehill, first major battle of Civil War, with no clear winner

1643

19 January

Battle of Braddock Down, Royalist victory in CIvil War

24 March

Battle of Higham, minor Parliamentary victory (Civil War)

30 June

Battle of Adwalton Moor

10 August

Charles I moves to besiege Gloucester (to 5 September )

5 September

Relief force arrives, Charles I abandons Siege of Gloucester (from 10 August)

20 September

First battle of Newbury, inconclusive battle that prevented Charles I marching on London

11 October

Battle of Winceby, Parliamentary victory (Civil War)

13 December

Battle of Alton, Parliamentary victory in Sussex (Civil War)

1644

28 February

Start of Parliamentary Siege of Latham House

26 May

Parliamentary Siege of Latham House abandoned on approach of Prince Rupert

2 July

Battle of Marston Moor, Parliamentary victory in Civil War

17 September

Battle of Montgomery, Parliamentary victory during Civil War

1 October

Battle of Tippermuir, victory that revived Royalist fortunes in Scotland (Civil War)

29 October

Start of siege of Laugharne castle, (to 3 November), Parliamentary siege of Royalist garrison (English Civil War)

3 November

Surrender of Laugharne castle, Royalist stronghold in south Wales.

1645

Death of Miyamoto Musashi, famous Samari and writer

6 March

Battle of Jankau, Swedish victory over imperial and Bavarian army (30 Years War)

2 May

Battle of Mergentheim, defeat of French army invading central Germany (30 Years War)

31 May

Battle of Leicester (England), Royalist victory in first English Civil War.

14 June

Battle of Naseby, decisive Parliamentary victory in English Civil War

2 July

Battle of Alford, Royalist victory in Scotland (Civil War)

10 July

Battle of Langport, defeat of Royalist army in the West (Civil War)

1 August

Battle of Colby Moor, Parliamentary victory that helped end the Royalist presence in Pembrokeshire

3 August

Battle of Nordlingen, costly French victory over Imperial army (30 Years War)

13 September

Battle of Philiphaugh (Scotland), Covenanter victory ending Royalist hopes in Scotland (Civil War)

24 September

Battle of Rowton Heath, Parliamentary victory outside Chester (Civil War)

14 October

Fall of Basing House, Royalist stronghold (Civil War)

1646

21 March

Battle of Stow on the Wold, defeat of final Royalist army (English Civil War)

5 May

Charles I surrenders to Scots, marking end of the First English Civil War, (from 1642)

5 June

Battle of Benburb (Ireland)
, victory of Irish rebels over Scottish army

1648

Second English Civil War, the Army defeat Royalist rebels, the Scots and Parliament.

8 May

Battle of St. Fagan's (Wales), Parliamentary victory over Welsh rebels (second civil war)

24 October

Peace of Westphalia endsThirty Years War (from 1618)

1649

20 January

Execution of Charles I, king of Great Britain and Ireland (from 1625)

1652

19 May

Naval skirmish off Dover signals start of First Anglo-Dutch War, (to 1654)

1654

Start of Thirteen Years War (Poland-Lithuania vs Muscovy)

5 April

Treaty of Westminster ends First Anglo-Dutch War (from 1652), marking an English victory

5 April

Start of the Siege of Smolensk

5 April

Smolensk surrenders to the Muscovites

1654

November

The treaty of Wilno (or Nimieza) ended the first period of fighting between Poland and Russia in the Thirteen Years War (1654-1667)

1655

Outbreak of the Northern War of 1655-60, one of three wars that involved the majority of the Baltic powers of the time.

25 July

The Surrender of Ujście saw the virtual collapse of Polish resistance to the Swedish invasion of 1655.

1 December

The Treaty of Vienna saw the Emperor Ferdinand III agreed to help the Commonwealth of Poland-Lithuania during the Northern War of 1655-60.

1657

27 May

The Treaty of Vienna saw the Emperor Leopold agree to provide 12,000 troops to aid the Commonwealth of Poland-Lithuania in the Northern War of 1655-60

June

Outbreak of the Swedish Danish War, 1657-58, a short conflict that ended with a disastrous defeat for the Danes

1658

June

Outbreak of the Swedish-Danish War of 1658-60 which saw the Danes regain some of the ground lost in the war of 1657-8

1660

3 May 1660

The Peace of Oliva, ended the Northern War of 1655-60

6 June

The Peace of Copenhagen ended the Swedish-Danish War of 1658-60.

27 June

The Battle of Polonka, saw a Polish-Lithuanian army defeat a Muscovite army in Lithuania.

Long Parliament finally votes itself out of existence (from 1640)

1665

May

Declaration of Second Anglo-Dutch War (to 1667)

1667

30 January

The Truce of Andrusovo ended the Thirteen Years War (1654-67) between Muscovy and Poland-Lithuania.

24 May

French invasion of Spanish Netherlands startsWar of Devolution (to 1668)

21 July

Treaty of Breda marks end of Second Anglo-Dutch War (from 1665)

1668

2 May

Treaty of Aix-le-Chapelle ends War of Devolution (from 1667)

1672

13 March

English attack on Dutch convoy marks start of Third Anglo-Dutch War (to 1674)

1674

19 February

Treaty of Westminster ends Third Anglo-Dutch War (from 1672)

1675

The Scanian War (1675-1679) is generally taken to mark the beginning of the decline of Sweden as a Great Power.

18/28 June 1675

The battle of Fehrbellin saw Frederic William, elector of Brandenburg and duke of Prussia defeat a Swedish army under Karl Gustav Wrangel that had invaded Brandenburg late in 1674

1676

4/14 December

The Battle of Lund took place during the Danish invasion of Scania and saw Charles XI of Sweden inflict a bloody defeat on the Danish army, preventing them from easily recapturing the Danish provinces lost in 1660 and 1645

1679

29 June

The Peace of St. Germain ended fighting in the Scanian War between Sweden and Frederick William, elector of Brandenburg

1690

1 July

Battle of the Boyne (Ireland)

1691

12 July

Battle of Aughrim (Ireland)

4000 BC 1000 BC 1 1000 1500 1700 1800 1850 1900 1925 1950