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4000 B.C.

3000 B.C.

2000 B.C.

c.1275 B.C.

Battle of Kadesh

1000 B.C.

500 B.C.

500 B.C.

Birth of Sun Tzu

323 B.C.

Death of Alexander the Great begins the Wars of the Diadachi.

Settlement at Babylon, the first attempt to divide up power within Alexander's empire

Start of the Lamian or Hellenic War, an attempt by an alliance of Greek cities led by Athens to escape Macedonian control

322 B.C.

Siege of Lamia sees alliance led by Athens trap Antipater in the town of Lamia. Death of Athenian general Leosthenes

Spring 322: Battle of Abydos - First of two naval defeats for Athens

July 322: Battle of Amorgos - Major naval defeat that ends Athenian naval power

August 322: Battle of Crannon - Macedonian victory in Thessaly that effectively ends the Lamian War

Athens knocked out of the Lamian War

Outbreak of the First Diadoch War, (to 320 BC) between the successors of Alexander the Great

321 B.C.

Truce between Antipater and the Aetolians ends the Lamian War.

Death of Craterus in a battle against Eumenes of Cardia

Perdiccas murdered by his officers in Egypt

320 B.C.

End of the First Diadoch War, (from 322 BC).

Settlement at Triparadisus second attempt to divide power in Alexander's empire

319 B.C.

Outbreak of the Second Diadoch War (to 316 BC)

316 B.C.

Battle of Gabiene, marks the end of the Second Diadoch War in Asia (from 319 BC)

315 B.C.

Outbreak of Third Diadoch War (to 311 BC)

311 B.C.

End of Third Diadoch War (from 315 BC), ends with all of the main contestants back where they started.

307 B.C.

Outbreak of Fourth Diadoch War (to 301 BC)

301 B.C.

Fourth Diadoch War ends (from 307 BC) with defeat and death of Antigonus at the battle of Ipsus

283 B.C.

Death of Ptolemy I of natural causes

276 B.C.

Outbreak of the First Syrian War between the Seleucid Empire and Ptolemaic Egypt.

272 B.C.

First Syrian War ends in victory for Ptolemaic Egypt

266 B.C.

Outbreak of Chremonidean War, (to 262 B.C.), Revolt against Macedonian rule by Athens and Sparta

264 B.C.

Outbreak of First Punic War (to 241 BC) between Rome and Carthage. Joint Punic and Syracusan siege of Messana begins the fighting.

263 B.C.

Alliance between Syracuse and Rome allows the Romans to concentrate on beating Carthage on Sicily.

Eumenes’ War, brief war that sees Pergamum become independent of Seleucid Empire.

262 B.C.

Fall of Athens marks end of Chremonidean War (from 266), (Greece)

First Punic War: Siege and battle of Agrigentum sees Rome capture Carthaginian ally on Sicily

261 B.C.

Death of Antiochus I, Seleucid Emperor. End of Eumenes' War

260 B.C.

Battle of the Lipera Islands, minor Roman naval defeat
Battle of Mylae, first major Roman victory which began to alter the balance of power at sea.

256 B.C.

Battle of Cape Ecnomus, Roman Naval victory that allowed them to invade Carthage's African homeland
Siege of Aspis. A first Roman victory in Punic North Africa.
Siege of Adys. Siege that delays the Roman army in North Africa, allowing the Carthaginians to arrive with an army.
Battle of Adys. Roman victory over a Punic army sent to relief the siege of Adys.

255 B.C.

Battle of Tunis, Carthaginian victory that ended the Roman invasion of Africa
Battle of Cape Hermaeum, Roman naval victory that allowed the rescue of the survivors of the Battle of Tunis

254 B.C.

Sack of Agrigentum, Carthaginian forces recapture and sack the city of Agrigentum, lost in 262 B.C.

Siege of Panormus, Roman forces capture the main Carthaginian base in northern Sicily.

251 B.C.

Battle of Panormus, Roman victory over a Carthaginian force sent to recapture Panormus (Sicily)

250 B.C.

Start of siege of Lilybaeum (to 241 B.C.), Roman attempt to capture main Carthaginian base on Sicily.

249 B.C.

The Battle of Drepanum was the only serious Roman naval defeat of the First Punic War.

246 B.C.

Probable date for the Battle of Andros, Macedonian naval victory over an Egyptian fleet in the Aegean.

Outbreak of the Third Syrian War or Laodicean War (to 241 BC) between Egypt and the Seleucid Empire

242 B.C.

Siege of Drepanum (to 242-241 B.C.). Roman fleet arrives by surprise off Sicily. Troops land at Drepanum and begin a siege.

241 B.C.

First Punic War (from 264 B.C.) ends in Roman victory

Third Syrian War or Laodicean War, (from 246 B.C.) ends with a minor Egyptian victory

Outbreak of the War of the Brothers, c.241-236 BC , civil war that saw the Seleucid Empire temporarily split in two.

240 B.C.

Battle of Ancyra, (or 239 B.C.), decisive battle of the War of the Brothers and victory for the rebels under Antiochus Hierax.

221 B.C.

Outbreak of the inconclusive Fourth Syrian War (to 217 BC)

220 B.C.

Battle near Apollonia sees Antiochus III defeat a rebellion under the satrap Molon

218 B.C.

Battle of the Plane Tree Pass, Seleucid victory during the Fourth Syrian War

217 B.C.

Battle of Raphia, 22 June, was the decisive battle of the Fourth Syrian War, and an Egyptian victory over Antiochus III

End of the Fourth Syrian War (from 221 BC)

218 B.C.

November

Battle of Ticinus, Hannibal's first victory over the Romans on Italian soil.

December

Battle of Trebia, the first of Hannibal's great victories over the Romans.

207 B.C.

22 June

Battle of Metaurus, defeat of second Punic invasion of Italy led by Hannibal's brother Hasdrubal

168 B.C.

22 June

Battle of Pydna, Roman victory over Macedonia

52 B.C.

Battle of Alesia, Caesars final victory in the Gallic Wars

1 A.D.

43

Battle of Medway (England)

83

Battle of Mons Graupius (Scotland)

500

Battle of Mons Badonicus, c.500

577

Battle of Deorham (England)

603

Battle of Degsastan

c.613-616

Battle of Chester

616

Battle of the Idle (Yorkshire)
Death of AEthelfrith, king of Northumbria, killed at the battle of the Idle

624

17 March

The battle of Badr was an early victory for the prophet Muhammad over the Quraysh tribe of Mecca

625

23 March

The battle of Mount Uhud was a minor Muslim defeat in the period after the battle of Badr

627

The battle of the Ditch was the largest and last attempt by the Qurayesh tribe to defeat the Muslim forces of

632

Battle of Hatfield Chase

633

Battle of Rowley Burn
Death of Cadwallon, king of Gwynedd, at battle of Rowley Burn

641

5 August

Battle of Maserfelth

654

5 August

Battle of Winwaed (England)
Death of Penda, king of Mercia, at battle of Winwæd

670

Death of Oswiu, king of Bernicia and Northumbria

685

20 May

Battle of Nechtansmere (Scotland)

838

Battle of Hingston Down

851

Battle of Aclea, 851 (England)

871

8 January

Battle of Ashdown

878

May

Battle of Edington

902

Battle of the Holme

910

5 August

Battle of Tettenhall (England)

937

Battle of Brunanburgh

991

August

Battle of Maldon

1000

1014

23 April

Battle of Clontarf (Ireland)

1016

18 October

Battle of Ashingdon

1029

Birth of Alp Arslam, Seljuk Sultan (to 1072)

1063

Start of reign of Alp Arslam, Seljuk Sultan (to 1072)

1066

20 September

Battle of Fulford

25 September

Battle of Stamford Bridge

14 October

Battle of Hastings, battle that brought William the Conqueror to the English throne

1068

Accession of Romanus IV Diogenes, Byzantine Emperor (to 1071)

1071

19 August

Battle of Manzikert (Byzantine Empire), crushing defeat of Byzantine army led by the Emperor Romanus IV Diogenes inflicted by the Seljouks of Alp Arslan
Deposition and murder of Romanus Diogenes

1072

Death of Alp Arslam, Seljuk Sultan (from 1063)

1081

Battle of Mynydd Carn (Wales)

1093

13 November

Battle of Alnwick (England)

1096

First year of First Crusade (to 1099)

1097

14 May

Start of Siege of Nicaea (to 19 June) (First Crusade)

19 June

Surrender of Nicaea to Byzantine troops, much to annoyance of crusaders

1 July

Battle of Dorylaeum, Crusaders narrowly escape disaster at the hands of the Turks of Rum

21 October

Start of Crusader siege of Antioch (to 3 June 1098)

31 December

Battle of Harenc (First Crusade), defeat of Muslim force coming to relief of Antioch.

1098

9 February

Battle of Harenc (First Crusade, defeat of second Muslim force coming to relief of Antioch

3 June

City of Antioch falls to the Crusaders (from 21 October 1097)

5 June

Start of Kerboga's siege of Antioch

28 June

Crusaders win battle of the Orontes, ending Kerboga's siege of Antioch

1099

Last year of First Crusade (from 1096)

9 June

First day of Siege of Jerusalem (to 18 July), First Crusade

18 July

Fall of Jerusalem (from 9 June), First Crusade

12 August

Battle of Ascalon, final victory of the First Crusade

1106

28 September

Battle of Tinchebrai (France)

1128

21 June

Battle of Thielt (or Hackespol), (Flanders), victory for William Clito in fight for county of Flanders

1138

22 August

Battle of the Standard

1141

2 February

Battle of Lincoln

14 September

Rout of Winchester

1147

Start of Second Crusade (to 1149)

1149

End of Second Crusade, 1147-1149

1174

13 June

Battle of Alnwick

1176

29 May

Battle of Legnano (Italy), victory for league of Italian cities led by Milan over the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa.

1177

25 November

Battle of Ramleh, defeat that ended an early invasion of the Kingdom of Jerusalem by Saladin

1187

4 July

Battle of Hattin, defeat that ended the existance of the Kingdom of Jerusalem

1189

Start of Third Crusade (to 1189-1192)

August

Start of Crusader Siege of Acre (to July 1191)

1190

Birth of Subatai Ba'adur (to 1242), Mongol general

1191

12 July

Fall of Acre to Crusaders now led by Richard the Lion Heart (from August 1189)

7 September

Battle of Arsuf

1192

End of Third Crusade (from 1189)

1202

Start of Fourth Crusade (to 1204)

1204

End of Fourth Crusade (from 1202)

1213

13 October

Battle of Steppes (Belgium), victory of bishop of Liege over raiding forces of Henry, duke of Brabant, during period of anarchy in the Holy Roman Empire

1214

27 July

Battle of Bouvines, defeat of King John's allies by Philip Augustus of France; key battle in establishing French kingdom

1215

Start of First Barons War (to 1217)

1217

20 May

Battle of Lincoln

1218

Start of Fifth Crusade (to 1221)

1221

End of Fifth Crusade (from 1218)

1223

Battle of the Kalka River, Mongol victory over much larger Russian army

1228

Start of Sixth Crusade (to 1229)

1229

End of Sixth Crusade, Sixth, (from 1228)

1241

March

Battle of Chmielnik, Mongol destruction of the Polish royal army.

5 April

Battle of Liegnitz (Poland), Mongol defeat of a large Polish army raised by the Polish nobility

27 April

Battle of Sajo, (Hungary), Mongol victory over a huge Hungarian army led by King Bela

1242

Mongol army withdraws from Hungary and Poland, probably due to death of Oktai Khan
Death of Subatai Ba'adur (from 1190), Mongol general

1248

Start of Seventh Crusade (to 1254)

1250

8 February

Battle of Mansura (Egypt), bloody victory during Seventh Crusade that left the crusaders too weak to achieve their aims

6 April

Battle of Fariskur (Egypt), final defeat of the Seventh Crusade

1254

End of Seventh Crusade (from 1248)

1264

Start of Second Barons War (to 1267)

14 May 1264

Battle of Lewes

1265

4 August

Battle of Evesham

1266

June

Start of the siege of Kenilworth

December

Surrender of Kenilworth castle

1270

Eight Crusade, bogs down in Tunisia

1277

Start of the Welsh Wars of Edward I (to 1282)

1282

11 December

Battle of Orewin Bridge (Wales). Death of Llewellyn ap Gruffyd marks effective end of the Welsh Wars of Edward I, (from 1277)

1289

Othman, founder of Ottoman power, inherites his fathers realm.

1295

22 January

Battle near Conway

1296

27 April

Battle of Dunbar (Scotland)

1297

11 September

Battle of Stirling Bridge (Scotland)

1298

22 July

Battle of Falkirk

1306

20 June

Battle of Ruthven

1307

May

Battle of Loudun Hill (Scotland)

1314

24 June

Battle of Bannockburn

November

Battle of Morgarten, (Switzerland), victory of Swiss infantry over invading Hapsburg army

1318

14 October 1318

Battle of Dundalk

1319

20 September

Battle of Myton (Yorkshire)

1322

16 March

Battle of Boroughbridge

1326

Death of Othman, founder of Ottoman power, succeeded by his sonOrkhan (to 1361), probable organiser of the Ottoman state.

1327

25 January

Start of reign of Edward III, king of England, (to 1377)

1332

11 August

Battle of Dupplin Muir

1333

19 July

Battle of Halidon Hill

1337

Outbreak of Hundred Years War (to 1453)

1339

21 June

Battle of Laupen (Switzerland), victory of fledgling Swiss confederacy over league of local feudal lords.

1340

24 July

Battle of Sluys, great English navel victory in Hundred Years War.

1346

26 August

Battle of Crecy

4 September

Start of the siege of Calais by Edward III

17 October 1346

Battle of Neville's Cross (Northern England)

1347

27 June

Battle of La Roche Derien (Brittany), English victory over Charles of Blois, French claimant to duchy of Brittany

4 August

Surrender of Calais to Edward III

1351

8 April

Battle of Taillebourg (France)

1352

14 August

Battle of Mauron (Brittany)

1356

19 September

Battle of Poitiers, major English victory in Hundred Years War

1361

Death of Orkhan, son of Othman, early Ottoman ruler (from 1326), succeeded by Murad, (to 1389), his second son

1364

Birth of Henry Percy, 'Hotspur'

1367

3 April

Battle of Najera (Castile)

1372

Death of Sir Walter de Mauny, one of Edward III's most important commanders during the Hundred Years War

1377

21 June

Death of Edward III, king of England, (from 1327)

1380

13 July

Death of Bertrand du Guesclin, , constable of France, successful French commander during Hundred Years War.

1385

14 August

Battle of Aljubarotta (Portugal), victory for John, master of Avis, establishing him as king of Portugal.

1386

9 July

Battle of Sempach, (Switzerland), Swiss victory over Leopold, duke of Austria, who died in the battle

1387

11 March

Battle of Castagnaro (Italy), victory by Paduan army led by John Hawkwood, over a larger Veronese army

19 December

Battle of Radcot Bridge, victory by Richard II's enemies over a loyalist force.

1388

5 August

Battle of Otterburn

1389

20 June

Death of Murad, Ottoman Sultan (since 1361) at Battle of Kosovo (Serbia), Ottoman victory over last Serbia resistance led by Prince Lazar

1396

25 September

Battle of Nicopolis (modern Bulgaria), Turkish victory over a strong Hungarian and crusader army.

1402

14 September

Battle of Homildon Hill

1403

21 July

Battle of Shrewsbury
Death of Henry Percy, 'Hotspur', killed at the battle of Shrewsbury

1408

19 February

Battle of Bramham Moor

1415

19 August

Start of the siege of Harfleur

22 September

Capture of Harfleur by Henry V

25 October

Battle of Agincourt

1420

Outbreak of Bohemian War (to 1434), Czech rebellion triggered by martyrdom of John Huss.

1421

21 March

Battle of Bauge (France), rare French victory in open battle during Hundred Years War.

1422

30 June

Battle of Arbedo (Italy), defeat of an invading Swiss army by Milanese forces.

1424

17 August

Battle of Verneuil

1428

September

Start of siege of Orleans

1429

12 February

Battle of the Herrings (France)

May

Relief of Orleans by Joan of Arc

18 June

Battle of Patay

1434

16 June

Bohemian War ends (from 1420) with the victory of the moderate faction over the religious 'taborite' faction at the battle of Lipan

1444

26 May

Battle of St. Jacob, (Switzerland)Pyrrhic victory for the French over a much smaller Swiss army after which the French withdrew.

1449

Battle of T'u-mu (China), Mongol victory over Chinese army that resulted in the capture of the Emperor.

1450

15 April

Battle of Formigny

1453

2 April

Start of siege of Constantinople, by the Ottoman Empire led by Sultan Mahomet II

29 May

Fall of Constantinople, to Ottotam forces led by Sultan Mahomet II, ending the Byzantine Empire

17 July

Battle of Castillon, French victory that ended the Hundred Years War (from 1337

1455

22 May

Battle of St. Albans, first battle of the Wars of the Roses (to 1485)

1459

12-13 October

Rout of Ludford Bridge

1460

10 July

Battle of Northampton

30 December

Battle of Wakefield

1461

2 February

Battle of Mortimer's Cross

17 February

Battle of St. Albans

29 March

Battle of Towton

1464

25 April

Battle of Hedgeley Moor

15 May

Battle of Hexham

1468

August

Fall of Harlech Castle

1471

14 April

Battle of Barnet

4 May

Battle of Tewkesbury

1476

2 March

Battle of Granson (Switzerland), Swiss victory over invading forces of Charles the Rash, duke of Burgundy

22 June

Battle of Morat (Switzerland), Swiss victory over second invading army led by Charles the Rash, duke of Burgundy

1485

22 August

Battle of Bosworth, final battle of the War of the Roses (from 1455), victory for Henry Tudor, who became Henry VII

1487

16 June

Battle of Stoke (England)

4000 BC 1000 BC 1 1000 1500 1700 1800 1850 1900 1925 1950