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The treaty of Vienna of 1656 was part of a process that saw John Casimir of Poland-Lithuania recover after the disasters of 1655 (Northern War of 1655-1660). In it the Emperor Ferdinand III of Austria agreed to provide John Casimir with 4,000 men to help him against the Swedish led alliance. Unfortunately for the Poles, Ferdinand III died in April 1657, soon after ratifying the treaty. A new treaty would need to be agreed with the new emperor (Treaty of Vienna, 1657).